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Considering a degree in Chemical?
These rankings show the most affordable colleges for Chemical majors who live in Pennsylvania.
Rankings are calculated by estimating the net price at every college offering Chemical degrees for a "typical" middle class family living in the state of Pennsylvania.
Note: Net price is the actual cost of college paid after factoring in financial aid.The net prices displayed in these rankings are College Raptor's estimates.
“Typical” middle class family values used in the Net Price estimates on this page are:
| Rank | Institution | Typical Net Price | Sticker Price | % Savings | Undergraduates | Est. Median SAT | Acceptance Rate | Save |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States Coast Guard Academy | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1,081 | 1294 | 0.2432 | |
| 1 | United States Military Academy | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4,473 | 1326 | 0.1245 | |
| 1 | United States Naval Academy | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4,465 | 1302 | 0.0936 | |
| 4 | Johns Hopkins University | 2700 | 92000 | 0.9704 | 6,356 | 1543 | 0.0644 | |
| 5 | Princeton University | 5400 | 82400 | 0.9341 | 5,813 | 1535 | 0.0462 | |
| 6 | Yale University | 5500 | 92200 | 0.94 | 6,814 | 1507 | 0.0387 | |
| 7 | Harvard University | 5900 | 90700 | 0.9347 | 7,038 | 1535 | 0.0365 | |
| 8 | Carnegie Mellon University | 6800 | 90200 | 0.9249 | 7,824 | 1528 | 0.1166 | |
| 9 | California Institute of Technology | 6900 | 91800 | 0.9253 | 987 | 1557 | 0.0257 | |
| 10 | Bowdoin College | 7200 | 89900 | 0.9201 | 1,881 | 1505 | 0.0713 | |
| 11 | University of Pennsylvania | 7300 | 92700 | 0.9213 | 10,013 | 1528 | 0.054 | |
| 12 | Vanderbilt University | 7800 | 96500 | 0.9194 | 7,221 | 1527 | 0.0586 | |
| 13 | Brigham Young University | 8000 | 22000 | 0.6362 | 32,952 | 1374 | 0.6778 | |
| 13 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | 8000 | 90000 | 0.9116 | 4,580 | 1542 | 0.0455 | |
| 15 | Columbia University in the City of New York | 8400 | 98000 | 0.9146 | 9,157 | 1535 | 0.0386 | |
| 16 | Rice University | 8600 | 89100 | 0.9038 | 4,789 | 1535 | 0.08 | |
| 17 | Swarthmore College | 8700 | 92800 | 0.9059 | 1,623 | 1520 | 0.0746 | |
| 18 | Washington University in St Louis | 9300 | 102300 | 0.909 | 8,220 | 1513 | 0.1206 | |
| 19 | University of California-Davis | 10200 | 38500 | 0.7358 | 32,273 | 1290 | 0.4183 | |
| 20 | Wellesley College | 10700 | 91300 | 0.883 | 2,407 | 1500 | 0.1405 | |
| 21 | University of Notre Dame | 10800 | 86200 | 0.8752 | 8,880 | 1471 | 0.1127 | |
| 22 | Cornell University | 11800 | 93100 | 0.8735 | 16,128 | 1521 | 0.0841 | |
| 23 | Lafayette College | 11900 | 84800 | 0.8598 | 2,775 | 1427 | 0.3145 | |
| 24 | University of Houston | 12000 | 28400 | 0.5781 | 39,257 | 1249 | 0.7392 | |
| 25 | University of California-Santa Barbara | 12200 | 43000 | 0.7162 | 23,181 | 1354 | 0.3296 | |
| 25 | University of Chicago | 12200 | 95500 | 0.872 | 7,519 | 1535 | 0.0448 | |
| 27 | University of Wisconsin-Madison | 12400 | 29100 | 0.5734 | 39,083 | 1412 | 0.4517 | |
| 28 | New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology | 12500 | 25900 | 0.5156 | 1,217 | 1229 | 0.5405 | |
| 29 | California State Polytechnic University-Pomona | 12600 | 12600 | 0 | 25,255 | 1134 | 0.737 | |
| 30 | University of Virginia-Main Campus | 13100 | 38800 | 0.6616 | 17,901 | 1470 | 0.1681 | |
| 30 | West Virginia University | 13100 | 57700 | 0.7728 | 18,614 | 1125 | 0.778 | |
| 32 | New Mexico State University-Main Campus | 13200 | 54500 | 0.7577 | 12,498 | 1010 | 0.8896 | |
| 32 | University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point | 13200 | 28000 | 0.5291 | 7,557 | 1140 | 0.9037 | |
| 34 | Youngstown State University | 13500 | 26800 | 0.4958 | 8,436 | 1065 | 0.8066 | |
| 35 | University of Delaware | 13600 | 34500 | 0.6058 | 19,287 | 1302 | 0.6924 | |
| 36 | West Virginia University Institute of Technology | 14000 | 48200 | 0.7102 | 1,448 | 1035 | 0.61 | |
| 37 | The University of Texas Permian Basin | 14200 | 46000 | 0.6909 | 4,218 | 1020 | 0.9307 | |
| 38 | University of California-Riverside | 14300 | 66000 | 0.7838 | 22,599 | 1199 | 0.7685 | |
| 39 | Louisiana Tech University | 14400 | 36900 | 0.6097 | 11,071 | 1164 | 0.9073 | |
| 39 | Oklahoma State University-Main Campus | 14400 | 26500 | 0.4563 | 22,351 | 1159 | 0.7504 | |
| 41 | Central Michigan University | 14700 | 37400 | 0.6075 | 10,219 | 1095 | 0.8982 | |
| 41 | Stanford University | 14700 | 71200 | 0.7934 | 7,904 | 1535 | 0.0361 | |
| 43 | California State Polytechnic University-Humboldt | 14800 | 24900 | 0.405 | 5,474 | 1138 | 0.9198 | |
| 44 | Case Western Reserve University | 15100 | 83100 | 0.8181 | 6,528 | 1485 | 0.3778 | |
| 45 | University of California-Irvine | 15200 | 36300 | 0.5811 | 30,204 | 1333 | 0.2878 | |
| 46 | The University of Tennessee-Chattanooga | 15500 | 25600 | 0.3938 | 9,982 | 1125 | 0.7702 | |
| 47 | Florida State University | 15600 | 22900 | 0.3184 | 32,711 | 1360 | 0.2422 | |
| 48 | Northeastern University | 15700 | 89900 | 0.8254 | 22,695 | 1490 | 0.0522 | |
| 49 | California State University-Long Beach | 15900 | 25800 | 0.3838 | 35,843 | 1135 | 0.4628 | |
| 50 | Lehigh University | 16100 | 88600 | 0.8183 | 5,911 | 1436 | 0.2593 | |
| 50 | Ohio University-Main Campus | 16100 | 23200 | 0.306 | 19,888 | 1209 | 0.8517 | |
| 52 | North Carolina State University | 16500 | 28500 | 0.4199 | 28,422 | 1335 | 0.4167 | |
| 52 | University of Southern Mississippi | 16500 | 23100 | 0.2857 | 10,193 | 1181 | 0.9912 | |
| 54 | Wayne State University | 16600 | 46200 | 0.6408 | 16,173 | 1174 | 0.7786 | |
| 55 | Rutgers University-New Brunswick | 16700 | 39000 | 0.5705 | 36,588 | 1367 | 0.6535 | |
| 55 | University of Kansas | 16700 | 37100 | 0.5484 | 22,085 | 1176 | 0.9348 | |
| 57 | The University of Texas at Tyler | 16800 | 24900 | 0.3249 | 7,683 | 1120 | 0.9402 | |
| 58 | California State University Maritime Academy | 16900 | 53200 | 0.6827 | 761 | 1069 | 0.9873 | |
| 59 | New Jersey Institute of Technology | 17100 | 32200 | 0.4688 | 10,200 | 1346 | 0.6507 | |
| 59 | Virginia Commonwealth University | 17100 | 33600 | 0.4907 | 21,210 | 1171 | 0.9232 | |
| 61 | Lamar University | 17300 | 41900 | 0.5871 | 8,218 | 1045 | 0.857 | |
| 62 | University of Louisville | 17500 | 29100 | 0.399 | 17,086 | 1148 | 0.7941 | |
| 62 | University of Nebraska-Lincoln | 17500 | 26300 | 0.3325 | 19,701 | 1214 | 0.8749 | |
| 62 | University of South Alabama | 17500 | 35200 | 0.5031 | 9,241 | 1140 | 0.7096 | |
| 65 | University of Miami | 17700 | 96300 | 0.8159 | 13,250 | 1406 | 0.189 | |
| 66 | University of Arkansas | 17900 | 27700 | 0.3549 | 28,859 | 1179 | 0.7431 | |
| 67 | Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University | 18000 | 24200 | 0.2567 | 7,890 | 1105 | 0.2056 | |
| 68 | University of Rhode Island | 18100 | 46400 | 0.6094 | 14,376 | 1148 | 0.7216 | |
| 69 | Prairie View A & M University | 18300 | 25400 | 0.2796 | 8,836 | 970 | 0.7794 | |
| 70 | University of Arizona | 18700 | 30900 | 0.3955 | 45,025 | 1212 | 0.8614 | |
| 71 | McNeese State University | 19000 | 32800 | 0.4213 | 5,560 | 1070 | 0.6755 | |
| 72 | University of Missouri-Columbia | 19400 | 36900 | 0.4748 | 24,457 | 1256 | 0.7847 | |
| 73 | University of Mississippi | 19500 | 27000 | 0.2777 | 21,585 | 1182 | 0.9658 | |
| 74 | The University of Texas at Austin | 19600 | 27600 | 0.2894 | 43,165 | 1348 | 0.2664 | |
| 75 | Western Michigan University | 19700 | 32500 | 0.3943 | 13,860 | 1104 | 0.846 | |
| 76 | Commonwealth University of Pennsylvania | 19800 | 26500 | 0.2542 | 9,967 | 1080 | 0.9475 | |
| 76 | Texas Tech University | 19800 | 27900 | 0.2906 | 32,580 | 1200 | 0.7265 | |
| 78 | San Jose State University | 19900 | 33600 | 0.4074 | 28,008 | 0 | 0.8461 | |
| 79 | Iowa State University | 20100 | 24200 | 0.1726 | 25,628 | 1207 | 0.8866 | |
| 79 | University of Southern California | 20100 | 75800 | 0.7352 | 20,630 | 1492 | 0.0981 | |
| 81 | University of Rochester | 20300 | 93100 | 0.7822 | 6,580 | 1469 | 0.4008 | |
| 82 | University of Tulsa | 20400 | 62900 | 0.6757 | 2,852 | 1328 | 0.615 | |
| 83 | University of Louisiana at Lafayette | 20600 | 31000 | 0.3359 | 13,179 | 1110 | 0.8883 | |
| 84 | Pennsylvania State University-World Campus | 20700 | 33400 | 0.3819 | 8,012 | 1139 | 1 | |
| 84 | Purdue University-Main Campus | 20700 | 30600 | 0.3258 | 44,170 | 1327 | 0.4979 | |
| 84 | University of Wyoming | 20700 | 27900 | 0.2588 | 8,130 | 1159 | 0.9688 | |
| 87 | University of New Hampshire-Main Campus | 20800 | 38200 | 0.4554 | 11,365 | 1216 | 0.8816 | |
| 88 | University of Maryland-College Park | 20900 | 27100 | 0.2285 | 31,133 | 1456 | 0.448 | |
| 89 | Centre College | 21000 | 73400 | 0.7135 | 1,356 | 1330 | 0.5434 | |
| 90 | Northwestern University | 21300 | 89500 | 0.7623 | 9,060 | 1533 | 0.0769 | |
| 90 | Villanova University | 21300 | 87900 | 0.7577 | 7,006 | 1457 | 0.2698 | |
| 92 | Montana State University | 21600 | 27100 | 0.2027 | 15,053 | 1184 | 0.8214 | |
| 93 | Colorado State University-Fort Collins | 21800 | 37300 | 0.4156 | 26,500 | 1183 | 0.8857 | |
| 94 | Tufts University | 22000 | 98900 | 0.7773 | 7,126 | 1507 | 0.1153 | |
| 95 | University of Pittsburgh-Johnstown | 22900 | 44400 | 0.4839 | 1,809 | 1109 | 0.9484 | |
| 96 | SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry | 23200 | 40000 | 0.4199 | 1,984 | 1239 | 0.6328 | |
| 97 | The University of Alabama | 23400 | 31000 | 0.245 | 34,389 | 1233 | 0.7665 | |
| 98 | New York University | 23600 | 91800 | 0.7427 | 29,060 | 1520 | 0.0923 | |
| 99 | University of Alabama in Huntsville | 23900 | 30500 | 0.2162 | 6,800 | 1245 | 0.6857 | |
| 99 | University of South Carolina-Columbia | 23900 | 26300 | 0.0914 | 30,187 | 1292 | 0.6015 | |
| 101 | Hendrix College | 24700 | 59300 | 0.5831 | 1,101 | 1260 | 0.5563 | |
| 102 | South Dakota School of Mines and Technology | 24800 | 26900 | 0.0794 | 2,170 | 1239 | 0.8525 | |
| 103 | Miami University-Oxford | 24900 | 28400 | 0.1232 | 16,816 | 1299 | 0.754 | |
| 104 | Tennessee Technological University | 25000 | 33700 | 0.2566 | 8,838 | 1159 | 0.8316 | |
| 105 | The University of Texas at San Antonio | 25100 | 56100 | 0.5523 | 31,127 | 1115 | 0.8679 | |
| 106 | Dordt University | 25300 | 52500 | 0.5178 | 1,695 | 1170 | 0.7116 | |
| 107 | Michigan State University | 25800 | 28900 | 0.1089 | 41,234 | 1223 | 0.848 | |
| 108 | Christian Brothers University | 25900 | 57600 | 0.5495 | 1,155 | 1110 | 0.867 | |
| 109 | Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College | 26000 | 59900 | 0.5658 | 34,242 | 1273 | 0.7333 | |
| 110 | Stony Brook University | 26100 | 33200 | 0.2129 | 18,263 | 1404 | 0.4904 | |
| 111 | Tuskegee University | 26500 | 42100 | 0.371 | 2,400 | 1113 | 0.3143 | |
| 112 | Trine University | 26600 | 56100 | 0.5251 | 4,157 | 1209 | 0.8469 | |
| 112 | University of St Thomas | 26600 | 50900 | 0.4776 | 3,395 | 1080 | 0.8993 | |
| 114 | University of Idaho | 27000 | 45200 | 0.4023 | 9,574 | 1119 | 0.7553 | |
| 115 | Cleveland State University | 27300 | 37300 | 0.2682 | 9,418 | 1105 | 0.913 | |
| 116 | Bucknell University | 27400 | 87700 | 0.6871 | 3,920 | 1284 | 0.2893 | |
| 117 | University of New Mexico-Main Campus | 27500 | 43800 | 0.3725 | 17,771 | 1044 | 0.7933 | |
| 118 | Syracuse University | 27800 | 83100 | 0.6654 | 15,958 | 1363 | 0.4611 | |
| 119 | Clarkson University | 27900 | 78000 | 0.6425 | 2,296 | 1302 | 0.7736 | |
| 120 | Mississippi State University | 28200 | 32300 | 0.1279 | 18,567 | 1214 | 0.7764 | |
| 121 | Pennsylvania State University-Main Campus | 28400 | 41600 | 0.3164 | 42,604 | 1336 | 0.6056 | |
| 122 | University of Akron Main Campus | 28600 | 33400 | 0.1437 | 11,160 | 1069 | 0.5967 | |
| 123 | Kutztown University of Pennsylvania | 28900 | 35900 | 0.1952 | 6,306 | 1214 | 0.9075 | |
| 123 | Oregon State University | 28900 | 36700 | 0.2142 | 31,253 | 1272 | 0.773 | |
| 123 | University of Utah | 28900 | 32000 | 0.098 | 28,064 | 1237 | 0.8598 | |
| 126 | University of Connecticut | 29200 | 33700 | 0.1337 | 20,056 | 1329 | 0.5239 | |
| 127 | Kansas State University | 29300 | 41600 | 0.2943 | 15,650 | 1164 | 0.8199 | |
| 128 | Milwaukee School of Engineering | 29600 | 70200 | 0.5787 | 2,705 | 1292 | 0.6239 | |
| 129 | Michigan Technological University | 29700 | 34700 | 0.1442 | 6,022 | 1256 | 0.8353 | |
| 130 | Lincoln Memorial University | 30100 | 44900 | 0.3293 | 1,668 | 1085 | 0.626 | |
| 131 | West Chester University of Pennsylvania | 30500 | 42500 | 0.2822 | 14,449 | 1195 | 0.7816 | |
| 132 | Rochester Institute of Technology | 30800 | 78100 | 0.6056 | 14,267 | 1363 | 0.6693 | |
| 132 | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign | 30800 | 62800 | 0.5092 | 37,140 | 1442 | 0.4237 | |
| 132 | University of Toledo | 30800 | 42000 | 0.2653 | 11,013 | 1159 | 0.9202 | |
| 135 | Georgia Institute of Technology-Main Campus | 31100 | 49800 | 0.3755 | 20,592 | 1435 | 0.1407 | |
| 135 | University of North Dakota | 31100 | 33700 | 0.0781 | 11,033 | 1189 | 0.769 | |
| 137 | University of Dayton | 31900 | 64200 | 0.5032 | 7,740 | 1284 | 0.6566 | |
| 138 | Illinois Institute of Technology | 32000 | 75200 | 0.5746 | 3,135 | 1299 | 0.5493 | |
| 139 | Manhattan University | 32200 | 72500 | 0.5559 | 2,928 | 1248 | 0.785 | |
| 139 | Rider University | 32200 | 60600 | 0.4687 | 3,196 | 1214 | 0.794 | |
| 141 | Hampton University | 32300 | 62400 | 0.482 | 3,728 | 956 | 0.6225 | |
| 142 | The University of Tennessee-Knoxville | 32500 | 35100 | 0.0742 | 30,564 | 1302 | 0.416 | |
| 143 | University of Maryland-Baltimore County | 32900 | 45100 | 0.2705 | 10,767 | 1326 | 0.7243 | |
| 144 | California Baptist University | 33600 | 65600 | 0.4876 | 8,417 | 1069 | 0.8535 | |
| 145 | University of Minnesota Duluth | 34000 | 38700 | 0.1199 | 8,426 | 1235 | 0.8876 | |
| 146 | University of South Florida | 35000 | 35000 | 0 | 38,525 | 1239 | 0.4319 | |
| 147 | University of New Haven | 35500 | 67100 | 0.471 | 4,903 | 1180 | 0.6038 | |
| 148 | University of North Carolina Wilmington | 36100 | 36100 | 0 | 15,254 | 1270 | 0.6424 | |
| 149 | Missouri University of Science and Technology | 36200 | 56300 | 0.3575 | 5,552 | 1305 | 0.7255 | |
| 149 | North Carolina A & T State University | 36200 | 36600 | 0.0109 | 12,216 | 1040 | 0.4617 | |
| 149 | University of Massachusetts-Lowell | 36200 | 56800 | 0.3624 | 12,122 | 1283 | 0.8296 | |
| 152 | Auburn University | 36400 | 38000 | 0.0421 | 27,907 | 1324 | 0.4593 | |
| 153 | University of Oklahoma-Norman Campus | 36800 | 38900 | 0.0548 | 23,351 | 1239 | 0.766 | |
| 154 | Texas A&M University-Kingsville | 37500 | 41600 | 0.0993 | 5,386 | 995 | 0.9092 | |
| 155 | Benedictine College | 37600 | 50800 | 0.2599 | 2,391 | 1223 | 0.7645 | |
| 155 | Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University | 37600 | 66500 | 0.4343 | 31,035 | 1366 | 0.5499 | |
| 157 | University of Nevada-Reno | 38000 | 45800 | 0.1704 | 18,895 | 1134 | 0.7371 | |
| 158 | Drexel University | 38400 | 83200 | 0.5384 | 13,169 | 1339 | 0.7944 | |
| 158 | Kettering University | 38400 | 83800 | 0.5418 | 1,212 | 1204 | 0.7867 | |
| 160 | University of California-Los Angeles | 40400 | 81800 | 0.5067 | 33,471 | 1399 | 0.0897 | |
| 161 | Washington State University | 40700 | 56300 | 0.2775 | 21,455 | 1131 | 0.8664 | |
| 162 | Colorado School of Mines | 41500 | 60100 | 0.3096 | 5,852 | 1396 | 0.596 | |
| 163 | Arizona State University Campus Immersion | 41600 | 47200 | 0.1185 | 65,450 | 1203 | 0.8989 | |
| 163 | Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology | 41600 | 83300 | 0.5009 | 2,315 | 1382 | 0.7686 | |
| 165 | University of Pittsburgh-Pittsburgh Campus | 42600 | 54700 | 0.2212 | 20,418 | 1375 | 0.5808 | |
| 166 | University of Florida | 43100 | 45600 | 0.0548 | 36,573 | 1399 | 0.242 | |
| 167 | Florida Institute of Technology | 43400 | 68600 | 0.3665 | 3,677 | 1224 | 0.577 | |
| 168 | Ohio State University-Main Campus | 43600 | 53700 | 0.188 | 46,815 | 1339 | 0.6057 | |
| 169 | University of Illinois Chicago | 44200 | 49300 | 0.1034 | 22,495 | 1252 | 0.7735 | |
| 170 | University of Maine | 45200 | 45200 | 0 | 591 | 1199 | 0.9684 | |
| 171 | Widener University | 45500 | 78400 | 0.4196 | 2,811 | 1155 | 0.8402 | |
| 172 | University of Georgia | 45900 | 51600 | 0.1108 | 31,514 | 1336 | 0.3719 | |
| 173 | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute | 46100 | 86200 | 0.4651 | 5,743 | 1438 | 0.6343 | |
| 174 | University at Buffalo | 46800 | 46800 | 0 | 20,360 | 1303 | 0.7418 | |
| 175 | Maine Maritime Academy | 47200 | 49800 | 0.0522 | 945 | 1180 | 0.5606 | |
| 176 | Tulane University of Louisiana | 48700 | 92100 | 0.4715 | 7,283 | 1451 | 0.1398 | |
| 177 | University of Kentucky | 48900 | 56600 | 0.1365 | 25,535 | 1193 | 0.9294 | |
| 178 | Stevens Institute of Technology | 49500 | 85800 | 0.423 | 4,236 | 1445 | 0.4758 | |
| 178 | University of California-San Diego | 49500 | 77100 | 0.3577 | 34,955 | 1375 | 0.2677 | |
| 180 | Worcester Polytechnic Institute | 50500 | 82600 | 0.3887 | 5,558 | 1292 | 0.6016 | |
| 181 | University of Michigan-Ann Arbor | 51000 | 84700 | 0.398 | 34,454 | 1435 | 0.1564 | |
| 182 | University of Iowa | 51100 | 53200 | 0.0401 | 22,738 | 1208 | 0.8362 | |
| 183 | University of Minnesota Twin Cities | 53300 | 61000 | 0.1267 | 41,303 | 1338 | 0.7975 | |
| 184 | University of Cincinnati-Main Campus | 53400 | 53400 | 0 | 33,572 | 1264 | 0.8529 | |
| 185 | Rowan University | 53600 | 53600 | 0 | 16,199 | 1214 | 0.783 | |
| 186 | University of Massachusetts-Amherst | 53700 | 64200 | 0.1635 | 23,920 | 1390 | 0.5973 | |
| 187 | Texas A&M University-College Station | 54000 | 56100 | 0.038 | 60,710 | 1278 | 0.5732 | |
| 188 | University of Colorado Boulder | 55400 | 56600 | 0.0212 | 32,100 | 1290 | 0.8115 | |
| 189 | University of Washington-Seattle Campus | 58100 | 66100 | 0.121 | 40,754 | 1391 | 0.3915 | |
| 190 | Howard University | 58300 | 76900 | 0.2418 | 11,519 | 1208 | 0.4134 | |
| 191 | Clemson University | 61500 | 63700 | 0.0335 | 23,401 | 1343 | 0.3834 | |
| 192 | Hawaii Pacific University | 63700 | 65800 | 0.0324 | 3,533 | 1120 | 0.8587 | |
| 193 | University of California-Berkeley | 70700 | 75900 | 0.0685 | 33,469 | 1407 | 0.1104 |
School data is from 2022–2023 (top 500 results shown) for schools with at least 100 undergraduate students.